Variabilidad-Modelos-Estudiantesdelsigloxxi-3-7-Factores- Flexibilidad Cognitiva

Modelo Estudiantes del siglo XXI 3º-7º

Flexibilidad Cognitiva

La Flexibilidad Cognitiva, un componente de la función ejecutiva, es la habilidad de cambiar de manera flexible la Atención entre tareas. Es nuestra capacidad para reconocer cuando las reglas cambian, permitiéndonos pensar de nuevas maneras, actuar creativamente y resolver problemas. La Flexibilidad Cognitiva también se puede llamar cambio de juego o cambio de tarea ya que implica desviar la atención de una idea o componente de tarea y responder a una nueva o diferente idea o componente de tarea, y apoya nuestra capacidad para ver las cosas desde las perspectivas de otras personas. Utilizamos la Flexibilidad Cognitiva para adaptar eficazmente nuestro comportamiento al enfrentar ambientes cambiantes y demandas de tareas: por ejemplo, en la escuela, los estudiantes deben considerar y cambiar entre diferentes reglas y estrategias para completar tareas de aprendizaje. La Flexibilidad Cognitiva es fundamental para la Creatividad, la resolución de problemas y el aprendizaje.

Ideas Principales

La Flexibilidad Cognitiva se desarrolla rápidamente en la primera infancia y continúa desarrollándose hasta la adolescencia. Muchos cambios en la Flexibilidad Cognitiva durante el desarrollo reflejan en parte el desarrollo madurativo en otras áreas de funcionamiento ejecutivo que apoyan la Flexibilidad Cognitiva. Sin embargo, su desarrollo no es lineal: los niños pequeños pueden de hecho tener habilidades de Flexibilidad Cognitiva mayores que los niños mayores y adultos, al menos en algunas tareas, posiblemente debido a aspectos poco desarrollados del aprendizaje basado en reglas que pueden perjudicar el pensamiento flexible con un desarrollo mayor. Curiosamente, los adolescentes jóvenes muestran mayores niveles de flexibilidad en situaciones sociales que sus contrapartes adultas, probablemente porque las Habilidades Sociales son primordiales durante este período de desarrollo.

Aunque algunos desarrollos pueden interrumpir ciertos aspectos de la Flexibilidad Cognitiva, tareas complejas como el entrenamiento musical o cambiar entre idiomas también pueden apoyar el desarrollo de esta habilidad. Los estudiantes con menos exposición a estas oportunidades que han experimentado Experiencias Adversas, o que tienen diferencias cerebrales en su desarrollo de funcionamiento ejecutivo, pueden necesitar apoyo adicional en el aula. Por ejemplo, la investigación ha encontrado que los estudiantes con TDAH a menudo tienen dificultades con el cambio de tarea, posiblemente debido a una inhibición reducida. La investigación también ha mostrado que en niños con TDAH la región del cerebro responsable de la función ejecutiva madura, en promedio, tres años más tarde que en los estudiantes que no tienen TDAH, lo que puede retrasar el desarrollo de la Flexibilidad Cognitiva. Aunque la Flexibilidad Cognitiva se desarrolla con la práctica y la maduración, algunas investigaciones sugieren que intervenciones como el entrenamiento en atención plena pueden apoyar el cambio de atención y a su vez, la Flexibilidad Cognitiva.

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