Modelo Estudiantes del siglo XXI Prejardín-2º
Experiencias Adversas
Las Experiencias Adversas son eventos que pueden causar trauma, incluyendo abuso, presenciar violencia e inestabilidad en el hogar. El trauma que proviene de experimentar adversidad libera hormonas de estrés que pueden llevar a cambios en el cuerpo y el cerebro. Experimentar estrés crónico durante un momento crítico en el desarrollo puede afectar negativamente la cognición, la salud y el bienestar de los estudiantes, así como su logro académico. Los efectos de las Experiencias Adversas son acumulativos (al menos hasta cierto punto), por lo que cuantas más Experiencias Adversas a las que una persona esté expuesta, más puede afectar su desarrollo. Sin embargo, los cerebros de los niños y adolescentes permiten un alto grado de reorganización o plasticidad neural, lo que potencialmente apoya la recuperación y resiliencia después de Experiencias Adversas
Ideas Principales
Las experiencias adversas pueden incluir:
Experiencias interpersonales que ocurren entre personas (por ejemplo, abuso físico, abuso emocional, negligencia, presenciar un asalto)
Experiencias no interpersonales infligidas por alguna otra fuente (por ejemplo, un accidente de tráfico, un desastre natural).
Muchos niños en los Estados Unidos están afectados por Experiencias Adversas: por ejemplo, en una encuesta retrospectiva en 23 estados, más del 60% de los adultos en los EE. UU. reportaron haber experimentado una o más Experiencias Adversas antes de la adultez. Los niños negros, latinos e indígenas son más propensos a estar expuestos a Experiencias Adversas tempranas que sus pares blancos o asiáticos. Esto probablemente se deba a la discriminación estructural que ha llevado a diferencias generalizadas en el Estatus Socioeconómico a través de los grupos raciales, y por lo tanto a la falta de acceso a recursos. Además, los estudiantes negros y otros estudiantes de grupos históricamente y sistemáticamente excluidos a menudo experimentan trauma racial en forma de sesgos implícitos o explícitos o discriminación, como las políticas disciplinarias escolares.
Las Experiencias Adversas pueden dar lugar a estrés crónico y trauma, lo que puede resultar en cambios a largo plazo en la salud, el comportamiento, las habilidades sociales y la estructura y funcionamiento del cerebro, y tienen el potencial de aumentar el riesgo de discapacidades de aprendizaje y TDAH. Y los estudiantes con discapacidades y TDAH también están en mayor riesgo de Experiencias Adversas. Estos efectos pueden tener consecuencias de gran alcance en la sensación de seguridad, el bienestar físico y las emociones de los estudiantes, así como en sus resultados académicos. Un apoyo social adecuado pueden ayudar a reducir el estrés crónico de los estudiantes, potencialmente protegiéndolos de los efectos negativos de las Experiencias Adversas. Los educadores tienen una oportunidad de ofrecer los Apoyos Sociales tan críticos para estudiantes que están atravesando Experiencias Adversas, y pueden reducir la probabilidad de trauma basado en la escuela: por ejemplo, evitando políticas disciplinarias que desventajen a estudiantes de orígenes sistemáticamente y históricamente excluidos, y que no apoyan las necesidades de aquellos estudiantes que también tienen TDAH o discapacidades de aprendizaje. Además, un ambiente de clase solidario y atento puede ayudar a estudiantes con Experiencias Adversas a cerrar las brechas de oportunidad académica.
Finalmente, investigaciones prometedoras han mostrado que los cerebros maleables de los niños y adolescentes tienen mayores oportunidades para formar nuevas conexiones, y para recuperarse y aprender de experiencias de trauma. Hay una variabilidad significativa en las trayectorias de recuperación de los estudiantes tras el trauma, por lo que más investigación en esta área puede contribuir con ideas importantes en las intervenciones y la recuperación.
Aprender más
En esta sección encontrarás microcredenciales ofrecidas por nuestro aliado Digital Promise. Ten en cuenta que están disponibles en inglés y fuera de nuestro sitio web.
Building Blocks for Learning: Un marco de Turnaround for Children
Supporting Students Who Have Experienced Trauma: Video de Digital Promise que analiza la importancia de diseñar escuelas que brinden la seguridad física y emocional necesaria para apoyar a los niños que han sufrido experiencias adversas
Trauma, Stress, and Schools: Seminario web gratuito con créditos de educación continua que analiza la ciencia detrás de las experiencias traumáticas y el aprendizaje
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