Modelo Estudiantes del siglo XXI Prejardín-2º
Atención
La atención es la capacidad de concentrarse en una tarea específica sin distraerse. Habilidades fuertes de atención apoyan el éxito académico, ya que los estudiantes aprenden mejor cuando prestan atención a materiales o actividades relevantes para sus objetivos. Es importante destacar que el control de la atención a menudo varía según el contexto, incluyendo el interés en el tema, la dificultad de la tarea y la duración de la tarea. El control de la atención continúa desarrollándose en la infancia en conjunto con el funcionamiento ejecutivo, y puede apoyarse mediante la práctica.
Ideas Principales
Existen varios tipos de atención:
- Atención Sostenida es la capacidad de mantener el enfoque en una tarea específica durante un período continuo de tiempo sin distraerse. En la infancia, la atención sostenida puede apoyar la Motivación de los niños al permitirles persistir a través de distracciones y desafíos y concentrarse en la tarea en cuestión para lograr sus objetivos.
- Atención Selectiva es la capacidad de seleccionar información relevante para enfocarse, mientras se filtra la información irrelevante. La atención selectiva está estrechamente relacionada con la inhibición y la resistencia a la interferencia, lo que ayuda a explicar la dificultad de los niños pequeños para ignorar estímulos irrelevantes. Como el control de la atención es un acto de atender a la información sensorial, la atención selectiva a menudo se divide en dos tipos diferentes:
- Atención Selectiva Visual es la capacidad de enfocarse en información relevante en una escena desordenada.
- Atención Selectiva Auditiva es la capacidad de enfocarse en una fuente específica de sonido en un entorno ruidoso.
- Atención Alternante es la capacidad de cambiar el foco entre tareas, y es la base para la Flexibilidad Cognitiva.
- Atención Dividida, también conocida como multitarea, es la capacidad de atender a múltiples tareas a la vez.
El TDAH, o Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad, es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que es multifacético y a menudo se presenta con patrones diferenciales de control de la atención. Estos comportamientos pueden manifestarse de manera diferente para diferentes individuos y con el tiempo, incluyendo inquietud (hiperactividad o sobreactividad) o falta de atención, deterioros en el Control Inhibitorio o la Memoria de Trabajo, y pueden resultar en retrasos en la Autorregulación. Los niños con TDAH a menudo tienen dificultad con el comportamiento académico (por ejemplo, llevar control de tareas, manejar tareas complejas, etc.), social (tomar turnos, leer señales sociales, etc.) y adaptativo (por ejemplo, gestionar el tiempo). Estas dificultades están relacionadas con la maduración retrasada de ciertas regiones del cerebro, así como diferencias en la estructura cerebral y redes neuronales en estudiantes con TDAH.
Cómo se organiza el entorno del aula es importante para cómo los estudiantes utilizan sus recursos atencionales. Los niños prestan tanta (o más) atención a los estímulos fuera de la tarea, por lo que las aulas demasiado decoradas pueden interrumpir la atención de los niños pequeños hacia comportamientos en la tarea, resultando en menos ganancias de aprendizaje. Además, un sentido de Seguridad puede desempeñar un papel influyente en la atención. Los estudiantes que no se sienten seguros en su escuela, vecindario o hogar, o son víctimas de acoso, tienden a experimentar estrés y ansiedad, lo que puede afectar negativamente su capacidad para prestar atención en la escuela. Los maestros pueden apoyar la atención de sus estudiantes de varias formas, incluyendo organizar sus aulas para minimizar distracciones, crear momentos para moverse, incorporar revisiones de comprensión y crear un ambiente de aula seguro y positivo mediante el establecimiento de relaciones sólidas basadas en la confianza.
Aprender más
En esta sección encontrarás microcredenciales ofrecidas por nuestro aliado Digital Promise. Ten en cuenta que están disponibles en inglés y fuera de nuestro sitio web.
Attention: Una microcredencial para apoyar la atención de los estudiantes.
Executive Function: Una microcredencial para apoyar las habilidades de funcionamiento ejecutivo de los estudiantes.
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